An assessment of the correlation between social determinants and child immunization rates in Kebbi State
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Background of the Study
Immunization is one of the most effective public health interventions to prevent childhood diseases and reduce mortality rates. However, despite its proven efficacy, child immunization rates remain suboptimal in many parts of Nigeria, including Kebbi State, located in the northwestern region. Social determinants of health, such as socio-economic status, parental education, cultural beliefs, access to healthcare services, and geographic location, play a crucial role in influencing immunization coverage (Ogunbayo et al., 2023). In Kebbi State, rural-urban disparities, low literacy levels, and limited healthcare infrastructure contribute to the challenges in achieving high immunization rates among children.
Several studies have highlighted that children from wealthier families or those whose parents have higher education levels are more likely to receive immunizations (Adamu & Oyewole, 2024). Conversely, children in poorer households, those with less access to healthcare facilities, and those from rural areas tend to have lower immunization rates. Additionally, cultural beliefs and practices, misinformation about vaccines, and a lack of community outreach programs contribute to vaccine hesitancy and non-compliance (Ahmed et al., 2023). Given these socio-economic and cultural barriers, understanding the correlation between these social determinants and immunization rates in Kebbi State is essential for developing targeted interventions that can improve immunization coverage.
This study aims to assess the relationship between social determinants and child immunization rates in Kebbi State, with the goal of identifying key factors that influence immunization decisions and outcomes.
Statement of the Problem
Child immunization rates in Kebbi State remain lower than the national average, with many children missing crucial vaccines. Social determinants such as parental education, socio-economic status, and access to healthcare services contribute to disparities in immunization coverage. Despite efforts to improve immunization rates through public health campaigns, there is limited research on the specific social factors influencing vaccine uptake in the state. Without understanding these factors, it will be difficult to design effective interventions to increase immunization rates and reduce childhood morbidity and mortality due to vaccine-preventable diseases.
Objectives of the Study
1. To evaluate the correlation between socio-economic status and child immunization rates in Kebbi State.
2. To assess the impact of parental education levels on child immunization rates in Kebbi State.
3. To examine the role of cultural beliefs and healthcare access in determining immunization rates in Kebbi State.
Research Questions
1. What is the relationship between socio-economic status and child immunization rates in Kebbi State?
2. How does parental education influence child immunization rates in Kebbi State?
3. How do cultural beliefs and healthcare access affect immunization rates in Kebbi State?
Research Hypotheses
1. There is a significant positive correlation between socio-economic status and child immunization rates in Kebbi State.
2. Higher parental education levels are positively associated with higher immunization rates for children in Kebbi State.
3. Limited access to healthcare services and negative cultural beliefs are significantly correlated with lower immunization rates in Kebbi State.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study will focus on children under the age of five in both rural and urban areas of Kebbi State. Data will be collected through household surveys, healthcare records, and interviews with parents and caregivers. Limitations include the challenge of collecting accurate data in rural areas with limited access to technology and healthcare infrastructure, as well as potential bias in self-reported information regarding immunization compliance.
Definitions of Terms
• Immunization Rates: The percentage of children who have received recommended vaccines in accordance with national health guidelines.
• Social Determinants of Health: The social and economic conditions, such as income, education, and access to healthcare, that influence health outcomes.
• Vaccine Hesitancy: Reluctance or refusal to vaccinate despite availability of vaccination services.
• Socio-economic Status: The social and economic position of individuals or families, typically measured by income, education, and occupation.
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